Pain measurement in research and practice
نویسندگان
چکیده
منابع مشابه
Pain measurement tools for clinical practice and research.
An important component of effective postoperative pain management is a measure of the patient's pain intensity. This article examines three unidimensional pain measurement instruments and one multidimensional pain measurement instrument used in daily practice and clinical research. The strengths and weaknesses of the numerical rating scale, verbal descriptor scale, visual analogue scale, and th...
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Pain is a subjective experience. The fetus cannot tell us what it is feeling, and there is no objective method for the direct measurement of pain. To address the question of pain in the fetus, one must use indirect evidence from a variety of sources, and then make an informed guess. This approach is similar to that which we use with animals. We cannot ask animals how they feel, but infer from a...
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: metadiscourse in introduction sections of applied linguistics and physics research articles: exploring variation in frequency and type
abstract in written mode of language, metadiscourse markers are used commonly to help writers in general and academic writers in particular to produce coherent and professional texts. the purpose of the present study was to compare introduction sections of applied linguistics and physics articles regarding their use of interactive and interactional metadiscourse markers based on the model pro...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Journal of General Internal Medicine
سال: 2018
ISSN: 0884-8734,1525-1497
DOI: 10.1007/s11606-018-4363-4